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A cultural landscape, as defined by the World Heritage Committee, is the "cultural properties () represent the combined works of nature and of man."〔UNESCO (2012) Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Paris. Page 14.〕 # "a landscape designed and created intentionally by man" # an "organically evolved landscape" which may be a "relict (or fossil) landscape" or a "continuing landscape" # an "associative cultural landscape" which may be valued because of the "religious, artistic or cultural associations of the natural element." == History of the concept == The concept of 'cultural landscapes' can be found in the European tradition of landscape painting.〔PANNELL, S (2006) Reconciling Nature and Culture in a Global Context: Lessons form the World Heritage List. James Cook University. Cairns, Australia. Page 62〕 From the 16th century onwards, many European artists painted landscapes in favor of people, diminishing the people in their paintings to figures subsumed within broader, regionally specific landscapes.〔GIBSON, W.S (1989) Mirror of the Earth: The World Landscape in Sixteenth-Century Flemish Painting. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey〕 The word "landscape" itself combines 'land' with a verb of Germanic origin, "''scapjan/ schaffen''" to mean, literally, 'shaped lands'.〔HABER, W (1995) ''Concept, Origin, and Meaning of Landscape''. UNESCO's Cultural Landscapes of Universal Value: Components of a Global Strategy. UNESCO, New York. Pages 38-42.〕 Lands were then considered shaped by natural forces, and the unique details of such ''landshaffen'' (shaped lands) became themselves the subject of 'landscape' paintings.〔 The geographer Otto Schlüter is credited with having first formally used “cultural landscape” as an academic term in the early 20th century.〔JAMES, P.E & MARTIN, G (1981) ''All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas''. John Wiley & Sons. New York, p.177.〕 In 1908, Schlüter argued that by defining geography as a ''Landschaftskunde'' (landscape science) this would give geography a logical subject matter shared by no other discipline.〔〔ELKINS, T.H (1989) ''Human and Regional Geography in the German-speaking lands in the first forty years of the Twentieth Century''. ENTRIKEN, J. Nicholas & BRUNN, Stanley D (Eds) Reflections on Richard Hartshorne's The nature of geography. Occasional publications of the Association of the American Geographers, Washington DC. Page 27〕 He defined two forms of landscape: the ''Urlandschaft'' (transl. original landscape) or landscape that existed before major human induced changes and the ''Kulturlandschaft'' (transl. 'cultural landscape') a landscape created by human culture. The major task of geography was to trace the changes in these two landscapes.'' It was Carl O. Sauer, a human geographer, who was probably the most influential in promoting and developing the idea of cultural landscapes.〔JAMES, P.E & MARTIN, G (1981) All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas. John Wiley & Sons. New York. Page 321-324.〕 Sauer was determined to stress the agency of culture as a force in shaping the visible features of the Earth’s surface in delimited areas. Within his definition, the physical environment retains a central significance, as the medium with and through which human cultures act.〔SAUER, C (1925) ''The Morphology of Landscape''. University of California Publications in Geography. Number 22. Pages 19-53〕 His classic definition of a 'cultural landscape' reads as follows:
Since Schlüter's first formal use of the term, and Sauer's effective promotion of the idea, the concept of 'cultural landscapes has been variously used, applied, debated, developed and refined within academia, when, in 1992, the World Heritage Committee elected to convene a meeting of the 'specialists' to advise and assist redraft the Committee's Operational Guidelines to include 'cultural landscapes' as an option for heritage listing properties that were neither purely natural nor purely cultural in form (i.e. 'mixed' heritage).〔FOWLER, P.J (2003) World Heritage Cultural Landscapes 1992 - 2002. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Paris, France.〕 The World Heritage Committee's adoption and use of the concept of 'cultural landscapes' has seen multiple specialists around the world, and many nations identifying 'cultural landscapes', assessing 'cultural landscapes', heritage listing 'cultural landscapes', managing 'cultural landscapes', and effectively making 'cultural landscapes' known and visible to the world, with very practical ramifications and challenges.〔 A 2006 academic review of the combined efforts of the World Heritage Committee, multiple specialists around the world, and nations to apply the concept of 'cultural landscapes', observed and concluded that:
Within academia, any system of interaction between human activity and natural habitat is regarded as a cultural landscape. In a sense this understanding is broader than the definition applied within UNESCO, including, as it does, almost the whole of the world's occupied surface, plus almost all the uses, ecologies, interactions, practices, beliefs, concepts, and traditions of people living within cultural landscapes.〔 Some Universities now offer specialist degrees in the study of cultural landscapes, including, for instance, the Universities of Naples, St.-Étienne, and Stuttgart who offer a Master of Cultural Landscapes diploma. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「cultural landscape」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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